Drilling fluid and drilling mud are two terms used in horizontal directional drilling (HDD) (learn more about how HDD works in our article here), but what are the main differences between their properties and applications?
What is drilling fluid?
Drilling fluid refers to all types of fluids used in the HDD process. The purpose of drilling fluid includes cooling and lubricating the drill bit, carrying cutting to the surface and maintaining hydrostatic pressure to prevent a wellbore collapse.
There are three main categories of drilling fluid:
- Water-based fluids (WBF) – these are the most common. They consist mainly of water mixed with additives to enhance viscosity and density.
- Oil-based fluids (OBF) – these use oil as the base. OBF provides better lubrication and stability at higher temperatures and in reactive formulations. They’re ideal for drilling in shale or reactive clays. Typically, OBFs are more expensive than water-based fluids.
- Synthetic-based fluids (SBF) – these are similar to OBF, but they use synthetic oils or esters as the base, offering environmental and performance advantages. SBF offers improved lubrication and stability and doesn’t come with the environmental concerns that you see with OBF.
Common components that make up a drilling fluid
A variety of components make a up a drilling fluid, the most common ones being:
- Base fluid (water, oil or synthetic fluids)
- Weighting agents – increase the density of drilling fluid to control formation pressures and prevent blowouts, e.g. barite, hematite and calcium carbonate.
- Viscosifiers – help to suspend and transport cuttings to the surface, e.g. bentonite clay and polymers.
- Fluid loss control agents – prevent migration of drilling fluid. Common types include starch, cellulose and asphaltic materials.
- Shale inhibitors – prevent swelling and dispersion of shale formations. Potassium chloride is the most common example. Polyamine and silicate-based shale inhibitors are also used.
- Lubricants – reduce friction between the drill sting and wellbore. Common lubricants used in drilling fluids include graphite, oils and esters.
- Corrosion inhibitors – protect the drill sting and other metal components from corrosion.
- Defoamers
- Biocides to prevent the growth of bacteria and microorganisms in the fluid.
- Emulsifiers – stabilise the emulsion in oil-based and synthetic-based muds.
What is drilling mud?
Drilling mud is a type of drilling fluid. The term refers to usually water-based fluids that contain clay and other particulates, like barite.
The drilling mud needs to have the right viscosity and density to effectively transport cuttings, control formation pressures and stabilise the wellbore. Drilling mud also contains suspended solids that help in cutting transport and filtration control.
What are the key differences between drilling fluid and drilling mud?
Drilling fluid is a more inclusive term that covers all fluids used in drilling, whereas drilling mud refers to specifically the liquid with suspended solids, like clay. Drilling mud also often implies a thicker, more viscous fluid with suspended solids. Other drilling fluids are usually cleaner and less viscous.
Drilling mud is usually used in more conventional drilling operations, whilst other drilling fluids can be tailored for a wider range of drilling conditions, including high-temperature, high-pressure environments.
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